%0 Journal Article %J Nat Genet %D 2019 %T Protein-coding variants implicate novel genes related to lipid homeostasis contributing to body-fat distribution. %A Justice, Anne E %A Karaderi, Tugce %A Highland, Heather M %A Young, Kristin L %A Graff, Mariaelisa %A Lu, Yingchang %A Turcot, Valérie %A Auer, Paul L %A Fine, Rebecca S %A Guo, Xiuqing %A Schurmann, Claudia %A Lempradl, Adelheid %A Marouli, Eirini %A Mahajan, Anubha %A Winkler, Thomas W %A Locke, Adam E %A Medina-Gomez, Carolina %A Esko, Tõnu %A Vedantam, Sailaja %A Giri, Ayush %A Lo, Ken Sin %A Alfred, Tamuno %A Mudgal, Poorva %A Ng, Maggie C Y %A Heard-Costa, Nancy L %A Feitosa, Mary F %A Manning, Alisa K %A Willems, Sara M %A Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh %A Abecasis, Goncalo %A Alam, Dewan S %A Allison, Matthew %A Amouyel, Philippe %A Arzumanyan, Zorayr %A Balkau, Beverley %A Bastarache, Lisa %A Bergmann, Sven %A Bielak, Lawrence F %A Blüher, Matthias %A Boehnke, Michael %A Boeing, Heiner %A Eric Boerwinkle %A Böger, Carsten A %A Bork-Jensen, Jette %A Bottinger, Erwin P %A Bowden, Donald W %A Brandslund, Ivan %A Broer, Linda %A Burt, Amber A %A Butterworth, Adam S %A Caulfield, Mark J %A Cesana, Giancarlo %A Chambers, John C %A Chasman, Daniel I %A Chen, Yii-Der Ida %A Chowdhury, Rajiv %A Christensen, Cramer %A Chu, Audrey Y %A Collins, Francis S %A Cook, James P %A Cox, Amanda J %A Crosslin, David S %A Danesh, John %A de Bakker, Paul I W %A Denus, Simon de %A Mutsert, Renée de %A Dedoussis, George %A Demerath, Ellen W %A Dennis, Joe G %A Denny, Josh C %A Di Angelantonio, Emanuele %A Dörr, Marcus %A Drenos, Fotios %A Dube, Marie-Pierre %A Dunning, Alison M %A Easton, Douglas F %A Elliott, Paul %A Evangelou, Evangelos %A Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni %A Feng, Shuang %A Ferrannini, Ele %A Ferrieres, Jean %A Florez, Jose C %A Fornage, Myriam %A Fox, Caroline S %A Franks, Paul W %A Friedrich, Nele %A Gan, Wei %A Gandin, Ilaria %A Gasparini, Paolo %A Giedraitis, Vilmantas %A Girotto, Giorgia %A Gorski, Mathias %A Grallert, Harald %A Grarup, Niels %A Grove, Megan L %A Gustafsson, Stefan %A Haessler, Jeff %A Hansen, Torben %A Hattersley, Andrew T %A Hayward, Caroline %A Heid, Iris M %A Holmen, Oddgeir L %A Hovingh, G Kees %A Howson, Joanna M M %A Hu, Yao %A Hung, Yi-Jen %A Hveem, Kristian %A Ikram, M Arfan %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Jackson, Anne U %A Jarvik, Gail P %A Jia, Yucheng %A Jørgensen, Torben %A Jousilahti, Pekka %A Justesen, Johanne M %A Kahali, Bratati %A Karaleftheri, Maria %A Kardia, Sharon L R %A Karpe, Fredrik %A Kee, Frank %A Kitajima, Hidetoshi %A Komulainen, Pirjo %A Kooner, Jaspal S %A Kovacs, Peter %A Krämer, Bernhard K %A Kuulasmaa, Kari %A Kuusisto, Johanna %A Laakso, Markku %A Lakka, Timo A %A Lamparter, David %A Lange, Leslie A %A Langenberg, Claudia %A Larson, Eric B %A Lee, Nanette R %A Lee, Wen-Jane %A Lehtimäki, Terho %A Lewis, Cora E %A Li, Huaixing %A Li, Jin %A Li-Gao, Ruifang %A Lin, Li-An %A Lin, Xu %A Lind, Lars %A Lindström, Jaana %A Linneberg, Allan %A Liu, Ching-Ti %A Liu, Dajiang J %A Luan, Jian'an %A Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka %A MacGregor, Stuart %A Mägi, Reedik %A Männistö, Satu %A Marenne, Gaëlle %A Marten, Jonathan %A Masca, Nicholas G D %A McCarthy, Mark I %A Meidtner, Karina %A Mihailov, Evelin %A Moilanen, Leena %A Moitry, Marie %A Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O %A Morgan, Anna %A Morris, Andrew P %A Müller-Nurasyid, Martina %A Munroe, Patricia B %A Narisu, Narisu %A Nelson, Christopher P %A Neville, Matt %A Ntalla, Ioanna %A O'Connell, Jeffrey R %A Owen, Katharine R %A Pedersen, Oluf %A Peloso, Gina M %A Pennell, Craig E %A Perola, Markus %A Perry, James A %A Perry, John R B %A Pers, Tune H %A Ewing, Ailith %A Polasek, Ozren %A Raitakari, Olli T %A Rasheed, Asif %A Raulerson, Chelsea K %A Rauramaa, Rainer %A Reilly, Dermot F %A Reiner, Alex P %A Ridker, Paul M %A Rivas, Manuel A %A Robertson, Neil R %A Robino, Antonietta %A Rudan, Igor %A Ruth, Katherine S %A Saleheen, Danish %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Samani, Nilesh J %A Schreiner, Pamela J %A Schulze, Matthias B %A Scott, Robert A %A Segura-Lepe, Marcelo %A Sim, Xueling %A Slater, Andrew J %A Small, Kerrin S %A Smith, Blair H %A Smith, Jennifer A %A Southam, Lorraine %A Spector, Timothy D %A Speliotes, Elizabeth K %A Stefansson, Kari %A Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur %A Stirrups, Kathleen E %A Strauch, Konstantin %A Stringham, Heather M %A Stumvoll, Michael %A Sun, Liang %A Surendran, Praveen %A Swart, Karin M A %A Tardif, Jean-Claude %A Taylor, Kent D %A Teumer, Alexander %A Thompson, Deborah J %A Thorleifsson, Gudmar %A Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur %A Thuesen, Betina H %A Tonjes, Anke %A Torres, Mina %A Tsafantakis, Emmanouil %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Uusitupa, Matti %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A Vanhala, Mauno %A Varma, Rohit %A Vermeulen, Sita H %A Vestergaard, Henrik %A Vitart, Veronique %A Vogt, Thomas F %A Vuckovic, Dragana %A Wagenknecht, Lynne E %A Walker, Mark %A Wallentin, Lars %A Wang, Feijie %A Wang, Carol A %A Wang, Shuai %A Wareham, Nicholas J %A Warren, Helen R %A Waterworth, Dawn M %A Wessel, Jennifer %A White, Harvey D %A Willer, Cristen J %A Wilson, James G %A Wood, Andrew R %A Wu, Ying %A Yaghootkar, Hanieh %A Yao, Jie %A Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M %A Young, Robin %A Zeggini, Eleftheria %A Zhan, Xiaowei %A Zhang, Weihua %A Zhao, Jing Hua %A Zhao, Wei %A Zheng, He %A Zhou, Wei %A Zillikens, M Carola %A Rivadeneira, Fernando %A Borecki, Ingrid B %A Pospisilik, J Andrew %A Deloukas, Panos %A Frayling, Timothy M %A Lettre, Guillaume %A Mohlke, Karen L %A Rotter, Jerome I %A Kutalik, Zoltán %A Hirschhorn, Joel N %A Cupples, L Adrienne %A Loos, Ruth J F %A North, Kari E %A Lindgren, Cecilia M %K Animals %K Body Fat Distribution %K Body Mass Index %K Case-Control Studies %K Drosophila %K Exome %K Female %K Gene Frequency %K Genetic Predisposition to Disease %K Genetic Variation %K Genome-Wide Association Study %K Homeostasis %K Humans %K Lipids %K Male %K Proteins %K Risk Factors %K Waist-Hip Ratio %X

Body-fat distribution is a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular health consequences. We analyzed the association of body-fat distribution, assessed by waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, with 228,985 predicted coding and splice site variants available on exome arrays in up to 344,369 individuals from five major ancestries (discovery) and 132,177 European-ancestry individuals (validation). We identified 15 common (minor allele frequency, MAF ≥5%) and nine low-frequency or rare (MAF <5%) coding novel variants. Pathway/gene set enrichment analyses identified lipid particle, adiponectin, abnormal white adipose tissue physiology and bone development and morphology as important contributors to fat distribution, while cross-trait associations highlight cardiometabolic traits. In functional follow-up analyses, specifically in Drosophila RNAi-knockdowns, we observed a significant increase in the total body triglyceride levels for two genes (DNAH10 and PLXND1). We implicate novel genes in fat distribution, stressing the importance of interrogating low-frequency and protein-coding variants.

%B Nat Genet %V 51 %P 452-469 %8 2019 Mar %G eng %N 3 %1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30778226?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/s41588-018-0334-2 %0 Journal Article %J Nat Genet %D 2018 %T Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity. %A Turcot, Valérie %A Lu, Yingchang %A Highland, Heather M %A Schurmann, Claudia %A Justice, Anne E %A Fine, Rebecca S %A Bradfield, Jonathan P %A Esko, Tõnu %A Giri, Ayush %A Graff, Mariaelisa %A Guo, Xiuqing %A Hendricks, Audrey E %A Karaderi, Tugce %A Lempradl, Adelheid %A Locke, Adam E %A Mahajan, Anubha %A Marouli, Eirini %A Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh %A Young, Kristin L %A Alfred, Tamuno %A Feitosa, Mary F %A Masca, Nicholas G D %A Manning, Alisa K %A Medina-Gomez, Carolina %A Mudgal, Poorva %A Ng, Maggie C Y %A Reiner, Alex P %A Vedantam, Sailaja %A Willems, Sara M %A Winkler, Thomas W %A Abecasis, Goncalo %A Aben, Katja K %A Alam, Dewan S %A Alharthi, Sameer E %A Allison, Matthew %A Amouyel, Philippe %A Asselbergs, Folkert W %A Auer, Paul L %A Balkau, Beverley %A Bang, Lia E %A Barroso, Inês %A Bastarache, Lisa %A Benn, Marianne %A Bergmann, Sven %A Bielak, Lawrence F %A Blüher, Matthias %A Boehnke, Michael %A Boeing, Heiner %A Boerwinkle, Eric %A Böger, Carsten A %A Bork-Jensen, Jette %A Bots, Michiel L %A Bottinger, Erwin P %A Bowden, Donald W %A Brandslund, Ivan %A Breen, Gerome %A Brilliant, Murray H %A Broer, Linda %A Brumat, Marco %A Burt, Amber A %A Butterworth, Adam S %A Campbell, Peter T %A Cappellani, Stefania %A Carey, David J %A Catamo, Eulalia %A Caulfield, Mark J %A Chambers, John C %A Chasman, Daniel I %A Chen, Yii-Der I %A Chowdhury, Rajiv %A Christensen, Cramer %A Chu, Audrey Y %A Cocca, Massimiliano %A Collins, Francis S %A Cook, James P %A Corley, Janie %A Corominas Galbany, Jordi %A Cox, Amanda J %A Crosslin, David S %A Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel %A D'Eustacchio, Angela %A Danesh, John %A Davies, Gail %A Bakker, Paul I W %A Groot, Mark C H %A Mutsert, Renée %A Deary, Ian J %A Dedoussis, George %A Demerath, Ellen W %A Heijer, Martin %A Hollander, Anneke I %A Ruijter, Hester M %A Dennis, Joe G %A Denny, Josh C %A Di Angelantonio, Emanuele %A Drenos, Fotios %A Du, Mengmeng %A Dube, Marie-Pierre %A Dunning, Alison M %A Easton, Douglas F %A Edwards, Todd L %A Ellinghaus, David %A Ellinor, Patrick T %A Elliott, Paul %A Evangelou, Evangelos %A Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni %A Farooqi, I Sadaf %A Faul, Jessica D %A Fauser, Sascha %A Feng, Shuang %A Ferrannini, Ele %A Ferrieres, Jean %A Florez, Jose C %A Ford, Ian %A Fornage, Myriam %A Franco, Oscar H %A Franke, Andre %A Franks, Paul W %A Friedrich, Nele %A Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth %A Galesloot, Tessel E %A Gan, Wei %A Gandin, Ilaria %A Gasparini, Paolo %A Gibson, Jane %A Giedraitis, Vilmantas %A Gjesing, Anette P %A Gordon-Larsen, Penny %A Gorski, Mathias %A Grabe, Hans-Jörgen %A Grant, Struan F A %A Grarup, Niels %A Griffiths, Helen L %A Grove, Megan L %A Gudnason, Vilmundur %A Gustafsson, Stefan %A Haessler, Jeff %A Hakonarson, Hakon %A Hammerschlag, Anke R %A Hansen, Torben %A Harris, Kathleen Mullan %A Harris, Tamara B %A Hattersley, Andrew T %A Have, Christian T %A Hayward, Caroline %A He, Liang %A Heard-Costa, Nancy L %A Heath, Andrew C %A Heid, Iris M %A Helgeland, Øyvind %A Hernesniemi, Jussi %A Hewitt, Alex W %A Holmen, Oddgeir L %A Hovingh, G Kees %A Howson, Joanna M M %A Hu, Yao %A Huang, Paul L %A Huffman, Jennifer E %A Ikram, M Arfan %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Jackson, Anne U %A Jansson, Jan-Håkan %A Jarvik, Gail P %A Jensen, Gorm B %A Jia, Yucheng %A Johansson, Stefan %A Jørgensen, Marit E %A Jørgensen, Torben %A Jukema, J Wouter %A Kahali, Bratati %A Kahn, René S %A Kähönen, Mika %A Kamstrup, Pia R %A Kanoni, Stavroula %A Kaprio, Jaakko %A Karaleftheri, Maria %A Kardia, Sharon L R %A Karpe, Fredrik %A Kathiresan, Sekar %A Kee, Frank %A Kiemeney, Lambertus A %A Kim, Eric %A Kitajima, Hidetoshi %A Komulainen, Pirjo %A Kooner, Jaspal S %A Kooperberg, Charles %A Korhonen, Tellervo %A Kovacs, Peter %A Kuivaniemi, Helena %A Kutalik, Zoltán %A Kuulasmaa, Kari %A Kuusisto, Johanna %A Laakso, Markku %A Lakka, Timo A %A Lamparter, David %A Lange, Ethan M %A Lange, Leslie A %A Langenberg, Claudia %A Larson, Eric B %A Lee, Nanette R %A Lehtimäki, Terho %A Lewis, Cora E %A Li, Huaixing %A Li, Jin %A Li-Gao, Ruifang %A Lin, Honghuang %A Lin, Keng-Hung %A Lin, Li-An %A Lin, Xu %A Lind, Lars %A Lindström, Jaana %A Linneberg, Allan %A Liu, Ching-Ti %A Liu, Dajiang J %A Liu, Yongmei %A Lo, Ken S %A Lophatananon, Artitaya %A Lotery, Andrew J %A Loukola, Anu %A Luan, Jian'an %A Lubitz, Steven A %A Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka %A Männistö, Satu %A Marenne, Gaëlle %A Mazul, Angela L %A McCarthy, Mark I %A McKean-Cowdin, Roberta %A Medland, Sarah E %A Meidtner, Karina %A Milani, Lili %A Mistry, Vanisha %A Mitchell, Paul %A Mohlke, Karen L %A Moilanen, Leena %A Moitry, Marie %A Montgomery, Grant W %A Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O %A Moore, Carmel %A Mori, Trevor A %A Morris, Andrew D %A Morris, Andrew P %A Müller-Nurasyid, Martina %A Munroe, Patricia B %A Nalls, Mike A %A Narisu, Narisu %A Nelson, Christopher P %A Neville, Matt %A Nielsen, Sune F %A Nikus, Kjell %A Njølstad, Pål R %A Nordestgaard, Børge G %A Nyholt, Dale R %A O'Connel, Jeffrey R %A O'Donoghue, Michelle L %A Olde Loohuis, Loes M %A Ophoff, Roel A %A Owen, Katharine R %A Packard, Chris J %A Padmanabhan, Sandosh %A Palmer, Colin N A %A Palmer, Nicholette D %A Pasterkamp, Gerard %A Patel, Aniruddh P %A Pattie, Alison %A Pedersen, Oluf %A Peissig, Peggy L %A Peloso, Gina M %A Pennell, Craig E %A Perola, Markus %A Perry, James A %A Perry, John R B %A Pers, Tune H %A Person, Thomas N %A Peters, Annette %A Petersen, Eva R B %A Peyser, Patricia A %A Pirie, Ailith %A Polasek, Ozren %A Polderman, Tinca J %A Puolijoki, Hannu %A Raitakari, Olli T %A Rasheed, Asif %A Rauramaa, Rainer %A Reilly, Dermot F %A Renstrom, Frida %A Rheinberger, Myriam %A Ridker, Paul M %A Rioux, John D %A Rivas, Manuel A %A Roberts, David J %A Robertson, Neil R %A Robino, Antonietta %A Rolandsson, Olov %A Rudan, Igor %A Ruth, Katherine S %A Saleheen, Danish %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Samani, Nilesh J %A Sapkota, Yadav %A Sattar, Naveed %A Schoen, Robert E %A Schreiner, Pamela J %A Schulze, Matthias B %A Scott, Robert A %A Segura-Lepe, Marcelo P %A Shah, Svati H %A Sheu, Wayne H-H %A Sim, Xueling %A Slater, Andrew J %A Small, Kerrin S %A Smith, Albert V %A Southam, Lorraine %A Spector, Timothy D %A Speliotes, Elizabeth K %A Starr, John M %A Stefansson, Kari %A Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur %A Stirrups, Kathleen E %A Strauch, Konstantin %A Stringham, Heather M %A Stumvoll, Michael %A Sun, Liang %A Surendran, Praveen %A Swift, Amy J %A Tada, Hayato %A Tansey, Katherine E %A Tardif, Jean-Claude %A Taylor, Kent D %A Teumer, Alexander %A Thompson, Deborah J %A Thorleifsson, Gudmar %A Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur %A Thuesen, Betina H %A Tonjes, Anke %A Tromp, Gerard %A Trompet, Stella %A Tsafantakis, Emmanouil %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne %A Tyrer, Jonathan P %A Uher, Rudolf %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Uusitupa, Matti %A Laan, Sander W %A Duijn, Cornelia M %A Leeuwen, Nienke %A van Setten, Jessica %A Vanhala, Mauno %A Varbo, Anette %A Varga, Tibor V %A Varma, Rohit %A Velez Edwards, Digna R %A Vermeulen, Sita H %A Veronesi, Giovanni %A Vestergaard, Henrik %A Vitart, Veronique %A Vogt, Thomas F %A Völker, Uwe %A Vuckovic, Dragana %A Wagenknecht, Lynne E %A Walker, Mark %A Wallentin, Lars %A Wang, Feijie %A Wang, Carol A %A Wang, Shuai %A Wang, Yiqin %A Ware, Erin B %A Wareham, Nicholas J %A Warren, Helen R %A Waterworth, Dawn M %A Wessel, Jennifer %A White, Harvey D %A Willer, Cristen J %A Wilson, James G %A Witte, Daniel R %A Wood, Andrew R %A Wu, Ying %A Yaghootkar, Hanieh %A Yao, Jie %A Yao, Pang %A Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M %A Young, Robin %A Zeggini, Eleftheria %A Zhan, Xiaowei %A Zhang, Weihua %A Zhao, Jing Hua %A Zhao, Wei %A Zhao, Wei %A Zhou, Wei %A Zondervan, Krina T %A Rotter, Jerome I %A Pospisilik, John A %A Rivadeneira, Fernando %A Borecki, Ingrid B %A Deloukas, Panos %A Frayling, Timothy M %A Lettre, Guillaume %A North, Kari E %A Lindgren, Cecilia M %A Hirschhorn, Joel N %A Loos, Ruth J F %K Adult %K Animals %K Body Mass Index %K Drosophila %K Energy Intake %K Energy Metabolism %K Female %K Gene Frequency %K Genetic Variation %K Humans %K Male %K Obesity %K Proteins %K Syndrome %X

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >250 loci for body mass index (BMI), implicating pathways related to neuronal biology. Most GWAS loci represent clusters of common, noncoding variants from which pinpointing causal genes remains challenging. Here we combined data from 718,734 individuals to discover rare and low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5%) coding variants associated with BMI. We identified 14 coding variants in 13 genes, of which 8 variants were in genes (ZBTB7B, ACHE, RAPGEF3, RAB21, ZFHX3, ENTPD6, ZFR2 and ZNF169) newly implicated in human obesity, 2 variants were in genes (MC4R and KSR2) previously observed to be mutated in extreme obesity and 2 variants were in GIPR. The effect sizes of rare variants are ~10 times larger than those of common variants, with the largest effect observed in carriers of an MC4R mutation introducing a stop codon (p.Tyr35Ter, MAF = 0.01%), who weighed ~7 kg more than non-carriers. Pathway analyses based on the variants associated with BMI confirm enrichment of neuronal genes and provide new evidence for adipocyte and energy expenditure biology, widening the potential of genetically supported therapeutic targets in obesity.

%B Nat Genet %V 50 %P 26-41 %8 2018 Jan %G eng %N 1 %1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273807?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/s41588-017-0011-x