%0 Journal Article %J J Insect Physiol %D 2016 %T Avirulence gene mapping in the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) reveals a protein phosphatase 2C effector gene family. %A Zhao, Chaoyang %A Shukle, Richard %A Navarro-Escalante, Lucio %A Chen, Mingshun %A Richards, Stephen %A Stuart, Jeffrey J %K Animals %K Chromosome Mapping %K Crosses, Genetic %K Diptera %K Female %K Genes, Insect %K Genes, Plant %K Genes, Recessive %K Genes, X-Linked %K Host-Parasite Interactions %K Male %K Phosphoprotein Phosphatases %K Plant Immunity %K Plant Proteins %K Plant Tumors %K Protein Phosphatase 2C %K Telomere %K Triticum %K Virulence %X

The genetic tractability of the Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor) provides an opportunity to investigate the mechanisms insects use to induce plant gall formation. Here we demonstrate that capacity using the newly sequenced HF genome by identifying the gene (vH24) that elicits effector-triggered immunity in wheat (Triticum spp.) seedlings carrying HF resistance gene H24. vH24 was mapped within a 230-kb genomic fragment near the telomere of HF chromosome X1. That fragment contains only 21 putative genes. The best candidate vH24 gene in this region encodes a protein containing a secretion signal and a type-2 serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP2C) domain. This gene has an H24-virulence associated insertion in its promoter that appears to silence transcription of the gene in H24-virulent larvae. Candidate vH24 is a member of a small family of genes that encode secretion signals and PP2C domains. It belongs to the fraction of genes in the HF genome previously predicted to encode effector proteins. Because PP2C proteins are not normally secreted, our results suggest that these are PP2C effectors that HF larvae inject into wheat cells to redirect, or interfere, with wheat signal transduction pathways.

%B J Insect Physiol %V 84 %P 22-31 %8 2016 Jan %G eng %1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26439791?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.10.001 %0 Journal Article %J Curr Biol %D 2015 %T A massive expansion of effector genes underlies gall-formation in the wheat pest Mayetiola destructor. %A Zhao, Chaoyang %A Escalante, Lucio Navarro %A Chen, Hang %A Benatti, Thiago R %A Qu, Jiaxin %A Chellapilla, Sanjay %A Waterhouse, Robert M %A Wheeler, David %A Andersson, Martin N %A Bao, Riyue %A Batterton, Matthew %A Behura, Susanta K %A Blankenburg, Kerstin P %A Caragea, Doina %A Carolan, James C %A Coyle, Marcus %A El-Bouhssini, Mustapha %A Francisco, Liezl %A Friedrich, Markus %A Gill, Navdeep %A Grace, Tony %A Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J P %A Yi Han %A Hauser, Frank %A Herndon, Nicolae %A Holder, Michael %A Ioannidis, Panagiotis %A Jackson, Laronda %A Javaid, Mehwish %A Jhangiani, Shalini N %A Johnson, Alisha J %A Kalra, Divya %A Korchina, Viktoriya %A Kovar, Christie L %A Lara, Fremiet %A Lee, Sandra L %A Liu, Xuming %A Löfstedt, Christer %A Mata, Robert %A Mathew, Tittu %A Donna M Muzny %A Nagar, Swapnil %A Nazareth, Lynne V %A Okwuonu, Geoffrey %A Ongeri, Fiona %A Perales, Lora %A Peterson, Brittany F %A Pu, Ling-Ling %A Robertson, Hugh M %A Schemerhorn, Brandon J %A Steven E Scherer %A Shreve, Jacob T %A Simmons, DeNard %A Subramanyam, Subhashree %A Thornton, Rebecca L %A Xue, Kun %A Weissenberger, George M %A Williams, Christie E %A Worley, Kim C %A Zhu, Dianhui %A Zhu, Yiming %A Harris, Marion O %A Shukle, Richard H %A Werren, John H %A Zdobnov, Evgeny M %A Chen, Ming-Shun %A Brown, Susan J %A Stuart, Jeffery J %A Richards, Stephen %K Adaptation, Biological %K Amino Acid Sequence %K Animals %K Base Sequence %K Chromosomes %K Diptera %K Larva %K Models, Genetic %K Molecular Sequence Data %K Multigene Family %K Phylogeny %K Plant Tumors %K Sequence Analysis, DNA %K Sequence Homology %K Sexual Behavior, Animal %K Triticum %K Two-Hybrid System Techniques %K Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases %X

Gall-forming arthropods are highly specialized herbivores that, in combination with their hosts, produce extended phenotypes with unique morphologies [1]. Many are economically important, and others have improved our understanding of ecology and adaptive radiation [2]. However, the mechanisms that these arthropods use to induce plant galls are poorly understood. We sequenced the genome of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a plant parasitic gall midge and a pest of wheat (Triticum spp.), with the aim of identifying genic modifications that contribute to its plant-parasitic lifestyle. Among several adaptive modifications, we discovered an expansive reservoir of potential effector proteins. Nearly 5% of the 20,163 predicted gene models matched putative effector gene transcripts present in the M. destructor larval salivary gland. Another 466 putative effectors were discovered among the genes that have no sequence similarities in other organisms. The largest known arthropod gene family (family SSGP-71) was also discovered within the effector reservoir. SSGP-71 proteins lack sequence homologies to other proteins, but their structures resemble both ubiquitin E3 ligases in plants and E3-ligase-mimicking effectors in plant pathogenic bacteria. SSGP-71 proteins and wheat Skp proteins interact in vivo. Mutations in different SSGP-71 genes avoid the effector-triggered immunity that is directed by the wheat resistance genes H6 and H9. Results point to effectors as the agents responsible for arthropod-induced plant gall formation.

%B Curr Biol %V 25 %P 613-20 %8 2015 Mar 02 %G eng %N 5 %1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660540?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.057