A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs.

TitleA second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2007
AuthorsFrazer, KA, Ballinger, DG, Cox, DR, Hinds, DA, Stuve, LL, Gibbs, RA, Belmont, JW, Boudreau, A, Hardenbol, P, Leal, SM, Pasternak, S, Wheeler, DA, Willis, TD, Yu, F, Yang, H, Zeng, C, Gao, Y, Hu, H, Hu, W, Li, C, Lin, W, Liu, S, Pan, H, Tang, X, Wang, J, Wang, W, Yu, J, Zhang, B, Zhang, Q, Zhao, H, Zhao, H, Zhou, J, Gabriel, SB, Barry, R, Blumenstiel, B, Camargo, A, Defelice, M, Faggart, M, Goyette, M, Gupta, S, Moore, J, Nguyen, H, Onofrio, RC, Parkin, M, Roy, J, Stahl, E, Winchester, E, Ziaugra, L, Altshuler, D, Shen, Y, Yao, Z, Huang, W, Chu, X, He, Y, Jin, L, Liu, Y, Shen, Y, Sun, W, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Xiong, X, Xu, L, M Y Waye, M, Tsui, SKW, Xue, H, J Wong, T-F, Galver, LM, Fan, J-B, Gunderson, K, Murray, SS, Oliphant, AR, Chee, MS, Montpetit, A, Chagnon, F, Ferretti, V, Leboeuf, M, Olivier, J-F, Phillips, MS, Roumy, S, Sallée, C, Verner, A, Hudson, TJ, Kwok, P-Y, Cai, D, Koboldt, DC, Miller, RD, Pawlikowska, L, Taillon-Miller, P, Xiao, M, Tsui, L-C, Mak, W, Song, YQiang, Tam, PKH, Nakamura, Y, Kawaguchi, T, Kitamoto, T, Morizono, T, Nagashima, A, Ohnishi, Y, Sekine, A, Tanaka, T, Tsunoda, T, Deloukas, P, Bird, CP, Delgado, M, Dermitzakis, ET, Gwilliam, R, Hunt, S, Morrison, J, Powell, D, Stranger, BE, Whittaker, P, Bentley, DR, Daly, MJ, de Bakker, PIW, Barrett, J, Chretien, YR, Maller, J, McCarroll, S, Patterson, N, Pe'er, I, Price, A, Purcell, S, Richter, DJ, Sabeti, P, Saxena, R, Schaffner, SF, Sham, PC, Varilly, P, Altshuler, D, Stein, LD, Krishnan, L, Smith, AVernon, Tello-Ruiz, MK, Thorisson, GA, Chakravarti, A, Chen, PE, Cutler, DJ, Kashuk, CS, Lin, S, Abecasis, GR, Guan, W, Li, Y, Munro, HM, Qin, ZSteve, Thomas, DJ, McVean, G, Auton, A, Bottolo, L, Cardin, N, Eyheramendy, S, Freeman, C, Marchini, J, Myers, S, Spencer, C, Stephens, M, Donnelly, P, Cardon, LR, Clarke, G, Evans, DM, Morris, AP, Weir, BS, Tsunoda, T, Mullikin, JC, Sherry, ST, Feolo, M, Skol, A, Zhang, H, Zeng, C, Zhao, H, Matsuda, I, Fukushima, Y, Macer, DR, Suda, E, Rotimi, CN, Adebamowo, CA, Ajayi, I, Aniagwu, T, Marshall, PA, Nkwodimmah, C, Royal, CDM, Leppert, MF, Dixon, M, Peiffer, A, Qiu, R, Kent, A, Kato, K, Niikawa, N, Adewole, IF, Knoppers, BM, Foster, MW, Clayton, EWright, Watkin, J, Gibbs, RA, Belmont, JW, Muzny, DM, Nazareth, L, Sodergren, E, Weinstock, GM, Wheeler, DA, Yakub, I, Gabriel, SB, Onofrio, RC, Richter, DJ, Ziaugra, L, Birren, BW, Daly, MJ, Altshuler, D, Wilson, RK, Fulton, LL, Rogers, J, Burton, J, Carter, NP, Clee, CM, Griffiths, M, Jones, MC, McLay, K, Plumb, RW, Ross, MT, Sims, SK, Willey, DL, Chen, Z, Han, H, Kang, L, Godbout, M, Wallenburg, JC, L'Archevêque, P, Bellemare, G, Saeki, K, Wang, H, An, D, Fu, H, Li, Q, Wang, Z, Wang, R, Holden, AL, Brooks, LD, McEwen, JE, Guyer, MS, Wang, VOta, Peterson, JL, Shi, M, Spiegel, J, Sung, LM, Zacharia, LF, Collins, FS, Kennedy, K, Jamieson, R, Stewart, J
Corporate AuthorsInternational HapMap Consortium
JournalNature
Volume449
Issue7164
Pagination851-61
Date Published2007 Oct 18
ISSN1476-4687
KeywordsFemale, Haplotypes, Homozygote, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Male, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Racial Groups, Recombination, Genetic, Selection, Genetic
Abstract

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.

DOI10.1038/nature06258
Alternate JournalNature
PubMed ID17943122
PubMed Central IDPMC2689609
Grant List077008 / WT_ / Wellcome Trust / United Kingdom
077011 / WT_ / Wellcome Trust / United Kingdom
077046 / WT_ / Wellcome Trust / United Kingdom
/ WT_ / Wellcome Trust / United Kingdom
081682 / WT_ / Wellcome Trust / United Kingdom

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